haplogroup b2 native american

Two sub-branches of Q-M1107, Q-Z780 and Q-M3, are American-specific and characterize the ancient remains of Anzick-1 and Kennewick, respectively; Q-F1096 harbours Asian and Arctic Native American samples as well as the Greenland ancient specimen belonging to . MeSH The haplogroup F project at Family Tree DNA shows no participants in the Americas, but several in Asia, as far south as Indonesia and also into southern Europe and Russia. One additional source for haplogroup M was found in GenBank noted as M1a1e USA, but there were also several Eurasian submissions for M1a1e as well. The most abundant Native American mtDNA haplogroups in the Greater Antilles are A2, B2 and C1. We dont know her band. You could match those people on non-Native lines. Clifford Tomos M.Th, Cymru-Wales. The first pioneer family in the San Luis Valley came from Taos and brought a slave with them. Haplogroup C-M217 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater (Y-DNA) haplogroup C-M130. [18][19] The Indigenous American populations show a lesser genetic diversity than populations from other continental regions. Native American B2 haplotypes were distinguishable using CR data alone in 82% of samples, though the remaining samples required full mitogenome data for haplogroup B2 designation. Haplogroup A12 has been found in the The conclusion relative to X2b4 is clearly that X2b4 is European, and not aboriginally Native. Chileans are a very mixed people. It also allowed me to compare answers to make sure they made sense. In 2002 I had an mtDNA test with Oxford Ancestors, whic said that I am Haplogroup C. Then I had a test with Ancestry, but this is only autosomal, so in 2020 I had a full test with LivingDNA. A Northern Han Chinese and Southern Han Chinese share a common Paternal Line (3 Chinese Farmer Supergrandfathers): a Y DNA Haplogroup O3-M122+, O-P201+, O-P164+, O-M134+ and O-M117. Its listed in the B chart. [62][63] C-M217 is found among the Wayuu people of Colombia and Venezuela.[62][63]. They offer high resolution options that can provide definitive information. The good news is that both Family Tree DNA and the Genographic project plan to update to Phylotree V17 in 2017. The tree for haplogroup M, above, is abbreviated, without the various subgroups being expanded. Do you have any matching results for that haplogroup somewhere in your research, please? [19] Observed is a decreasing genetic diversity as geographic distance from the Bering Strait occurs, as well as a decreasing genetic similarity to Siberian populations from Alaska (the genetic entry point). "Today this Native American line is found only in the Americas, with a strong . Copyright 2023 Who are You Made Of? The two Bolivian samples showed more genetic differences for the mtDNA than for the Y-chromosome. Haplogroup C-M217 descendant C-P39 is most commonly found in today's Na-Dene speakers, with the greatest frequency found among the Athabaskans at 42%, and at lesser frequencies in some other Indigenous American groups. These include mitochondrial haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1 and X2a - which are found exclusively among Native Americans. 23andMe does not do a full sequence, and they are still using an outdated reference model. Today this Native American line is found only in the Americas,. [101][unreliable source] The new soldier-settlers fathered children with Indigenous American women and later with African slaves. Spanish/Mexican colonialists tended to be concentrated in the Rio Grande Valley namely in Santa Fe, Albuquerque, and to some extent Taos. Ages and geographic distributions of these clades could provide novel clues on the colonization processes of the . The information on GedMatch is entered by people by hand. My maternal haplogroup is B2a2. [10] This distinct and isolated branch C-P39 includes almost all the Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes found among all Indigenous peoples of the Americas. As for the Native American, most of mine is also from North America. We have lots of matches. The map below shows all participants for the entire projectwho have entered a geographic location. If you have any questions about something that you read in this post, or if you would like to share your own haplogroup if you have Native American heritage, I would love to hear from you in the discussion below. For each haplogroup or subgroup within haplogroup, I evaluated and listed the locations for the Genographic earliest maternal ancestor place of birth locations, but in the case of the haplogroup A example above, with 4198 responses, the results did not fit into the field so I added the information as supplemental. At the Family Tree DNA International Conference in November 2015, Dr. Miguel Vilar announced that the Genographic Project data base would be made available for qualified affiliate researchers outside of academia. There is an academic paper being prepared with additional information. [18][19] Also observed is evidence of a greater level of diversity and lesser level of population structure in western South America compared to eastern South America. The strong persistence of Taino mtDNA in the ex-Spanish colonies . Initially they would just outright take or buy slaves. A sixth challenge is that in the Genographic Project, everyone has been tested via probes, meaning that haplogroup defining mutation locations are tested to determine full haplogroups, but not all mitochondrial locations are not tested. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. F1a1 is not found in either Europe or Africa. The initial settling of the Americas was followed by a rapid expansion southwards along the west coast, with little gene flow later, especially in South America. Input? [87] Experts were also able to use wider genetic evidence to establish that the split between the Northern and Southern American branches of civilization from the Ancient Beringians in Alaska only occurred about 17,000 and 14,000 years,[23] further challenging the concept of multiple migration waves occurring during the very first stages of settlement. A full sequence test at Family Tree DNA is the only way to obtain your full haplogroup, and using the current reference model. I have a couple more I have some questions on. The Beringia land mass began submerging, cutting off land routes.[45][52][18]. [31], A study published in the Nature journal in 2018 concluded that Indigenous Americans descended from a single founding population which initially divided from East Asians about ~36,000 BCE, with gene flow between Ancestral Indigenous Americans and Siberians persisting until ~25,000 BCE, before becoming isolated in the Americas at ~22,000 BCE. Being hispanic from New Mexico, we assumed we had some Native American DNA, but thought it would be negligible, especially considering we look Caucasian/European in appearance, not Native American. in Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine 10 (2017): pages 79-91. The heat map for D1 was intriguing, as it neatly excludes, and sharply, the OasisAmerican area. Pingback: Concepts The Faces of Endogamy | DNAeXplained Genetic Genealogy. The phylogeny reveals four main bifurcations identifying five main sub-haplogroups of Q: Q-L275, Q-F1096, Q-Y2659, Q-L330 and Q-M1107. [76] The predominant theory for sub-haplogroup X2a's appearance in North America is migration along with A, B, C, and D mtDNA groups, from a source in the Altai Mountains of central Asia. After reading David Yetmans book, I feel confident that my lineage is correct. I suspect some of that in my dna too. The Genographic project has no results for F1a1 outside of Asia. Napoleon Bonaparte mtDNA belongs to Haplogroup H. In terms of contributing more, please be sure to upload your tree and link the tester to their profile in the tree. In Canada, the typical story is French-Canadian or metis, although thats often not a myth and can often be proven true. My relative (who turns 102 tomorrow!) All newly sequenced mitogenomes could be classified into haplogroups A2, B2, C1 and D1, but one sequence in Mazahua was D4h3a, a subclade of haplogroup D4. For example, the earliest ancestor place of birth cannot be Ireland and the language be German and the ethnicity be Cherokee. My great aunt did a pretty thorough genealogy. Thank you for your time! The Ancestry website shows 1st-5th maternal cousin matches but skips 3rd cousins altogether. I have ancestors from Spain traced to the 1800s whereas any native ancestors were 1700s. G ethnic groups: Gorotire, Kaigang, Kraho, Mekranoti and Xikrin. A12a is originally from Siberia (Buryat). Very interesting post. The M1 and M1a1e haplogroups shown above are discussed in the following section, as is M18b, below. Just over 3% of the Native population falls into haplogroup X. Specifically, the Native people received head-right land payments in the 1890s and early 1900s if they could prove tribal descent by blood. FTDNA recently answered a question for me as to why my relatives DNA had found no match. asked Nov 23, 2021 in Genealogy Help by Susan Woodall G2G6 Mach 1 (11.6k points) mtdna; dna; However, thats not always true. Speaking English does not mean your ancestors came from England, speaking Spanish does not mean your ancestors came from Spain and speaking French does not mean your ancestors came from France. One participant is a member of the Waccamaw tribe today. This "Ghost population" was found in speakers of Tupian languages. Fragment profiles of the Y-STRs were determined . mtDNA haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe/Western Asia and North America? Helena's Many Daughters: More Mitogenome Diversity behind the Most Common West Eurasian mtDNA Control Region Haplotype in an Extended Italian Population Sample. Shouldnt Haplogroup C4 be with the largest population of C4 which is the Australian Aborigines? Still really curious about F1a1. The Genographic Project Affiliate Researcher Program. Keywords: ,.The first four letters of the phylogenetic alphabet for mtDNA haplogroups - A-D - were coined to refer to just four founding haplogroups . The Tree for haplogroup D is a subset of M. Haplogroup D begins as a subhaplogroup of M80.. D is publicly viewable, but shows testers last name, no ancestor information and no location, so I utilized maps once again. Im not too sure about my family history. I also checked the locations and luckily there were enough photo to convince me. Some show surnames but not the oldest ancestor or location. We need individuals with confirmed locations who have taken the full sequence and are haplogroup A2o. In my study of New Mexico history, It seems I keep finding evidence of Genizaro communities everywhere. Are you wondering what are the most common Native American haplogroups seen on mtDNA or Y-DNA results? I was very pleasedtobe offeredthe opportunity, especially given that the 2016 conference marked the one year anniversary of the Genographic Project Affiliate Researcher program. It's one of the four major Native American groups that populated the continent. Haplogroup F1a1 deserves additional attention as more people test and additional samples become available. A man with R L21 or really any non-Native American Y dna marries a full-blood Indian woman. Epub 2020 Apr 2. Several years ago, my mom did the mtdna test so she could find out the ethnicity of her mother. [116] The "O" blood type (usually resulting from the absence of both A and B alleles) is very common around the world, with a rate of 63% in all human populations. If a significant mutation is the reason, can someone identify about when the mutation occurred (how far back)? My orphan grandmother was taken to Abilene, Texas by a good samaritan in 1918 at about age 5, her name was Consuelo, but her actual birthday was unknown. Certainly families will differ of course. 23andme.com showed my maternal grandma to have 22% NA DNA and me to have 13%, and my maternal aunt to have 27%. 16, 29 C1 haplogroup is . Geno Confirmed = Mitochondrial haplogroup proven or confirmed through the Genographic Project data base. [103], The North American fur trade during the 16th century brought many more European men, from France, Ireland, and Great Britain, who took Indigenous North American women as wives. Just look at that most distant ancestor response, or better yet, utilize the Genographicdata base search features, sort, count, and there you go. In fact, my proposal likely arrived in Washington DC before Dr. Vilar did! This means that you can still have Native American heritage and have maternal or paternal haplogroups from different parts of the world. The next logical question is if there are documented instances of X2b4 in the Native population in the Americas? Below is a list of the most common Native American Y-DNA haplogroups: Some branches of following paternal haplogroups can often indicate Native American ancestry, although these haplogroups are sometimes found in other parts of the world, especially Asia: Many Native Americans from the Northeast US and Southeast Canada have the Y-DNA haplogroup of R1b, which is most commonly found in Western Europe. B.P., through recovery of human mtDNA from coprolites, directly dated by accelerator mass spectrometry. Search Sign Up Sign In Previous Academic Proven = Previously proven or cited as Native American, generally in Academic papers. Wish this Catherine Pillard mystery was settled! A family migration pattern exists between the NC/VA border region and families to the Waccamaw region as well. My grandaughter is 5% Indian with an H mother according to her tests. In fact, outside of academic publications, I have only been able to find 4 individuals who are designed as haplogroup B2c that have been full sequence tested. I am sending a complete sequence mtdna to a cousin supposedly her female line traces back to a lady of Native American heritage. The haplogroup D1 heat map is shown above and D2 is shown below. However, some years later, a conflicting record arose in which the husband of Radegondes great-granddaughter gave a deposition in which he stated that Radegonde came from France with her husband. Can you confirm this for me? 95% of all Native Americans possess the sub-haplogroups A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, and D1. We have the B2a2 marker, so confirmed NA there. Theyll probably need to work more on haplogroup D in Asia though. Of course family stories can be misconstrued, mis-repeated and embellished, intentionally or otherwise with retelling. ~ 30-46%. In New Mexico young Indians would be taken as slaves and then used to populate communities that would provide protection from Indian raids. Coincidentally, a large amount of the survivors were type O. Ann. Genizaro comes from the term Jannisary. If you havent yet done a DNA test, but you would like to know whether your direct line maternal or paternal ancestry was likely Native American, you have two main options. The sad truth about people in Chile is that they are very race conscious and deny their Native American heritage. and transmitted securely. The allele 16189C is almost representative of haplogroup B2, although it can also be found in other haplogroups owing to homoplasic mutations. You would need to order a full sequence test at Family Tree DNA as the first step. would be excited to know more about her genealogy. [111][112] Some tribes have adopted criteria of racial preservation, usually through a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood, and practice disenrollment of tribal members unable to provide proof of Native American ancestry. I was born in Chile and my ancestors on my fathers side have been in Chile since 1810, mostly in the south, and my mothers ancestors in the north, even longer. 2. My male line that married her are definitely Spanish. [47], Starting the Paleo-Indigenous American period, a migration to the Americas across the Bering Strait (Beringia) by a small population carrying the Q-M242 mutation occurred. After the treaty of Guadalupe Hildago, the Navajos complained to the first territorial Indian agent that the all their children are being stolen. In southwestern Native American tribes the frequency of this haplogroup is as low as 4%. And there was ties to New Spain prior to Mexicos independence for 3 centuries as the Philippines was governed by New Spain during the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade where some O haplogroups entered into Mexico. As DNA testing has become more mainstream, many people want to see if they have Native ancestry. Pingback: Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups | DNAeXplained Genetic Genealogy. It seems that means Native Americans who were servants in Spanish households. You will note below that B2 falls underneath B4b. Lets look at the summary results grouped by major haplogroup. Would she and I technically share the same haplogroup at the point of our common ancestor? [67] As a whole, the greatest frequency of the four Indigenous American associated haplogroups occurs in the Altai-Baikal region of southern Siberia. Just like a lot of Colombians, Chileans have mixed ancestry, especially Mestizo. I am hap U5 which is very surprising to me. if so, would it have to be a recent ancestor? A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X . I dont know if I was the first applicant, but if not, I was certainly one of the first because I wasted absolutely no time in submitting my application. Yes, youre missing something. Both MtDNA and YDNA can show Native American. [118], Research by Ludwik and Hanka Herschfeld during World War I found that the frequencies of blood groups A, B and O differed greatly from region to region. When the agent asked how many, they said about half the tribe. While some researchers are suspicious of these findings as being incomplete, a subsequent paper in 2013, Ancient DNA-Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes, which included Mahli as a co-author states the following: Two individuals from China Lake, British Columbia, found in the same burial with a radiocarbon date of 4950+/170 years BP were determined to belong to a form of macrohaplogroup M that has yet to be identified in any extant Native American population [24], [26]. Three distant cousins (discovered through genealogy) have common B2a2, B45. A third challenge is that not every participant enters their most distant ancestor (correctly) nor their ancestral location, which reduces the relevance of results, whether inside of projects, meaning matches to individual testers, or outside of projects. However, those who speak Inuit languages from the Arctic inherited almost half of their ancestry from a second East Asian migrant wave. [67][69], When studying human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, the results indicated that Indigenous American haplogroups, including haplogroup X, are part of a single founding East Asian population. Native American Y-chromosomes were found in 97% of Aymaras (89% hg Q1a3a and 11% hg Q1a3*) and 78% of Quechuas (100% hg Q1a3a). The tree for haplogroup X shows that it too is also a subgroup of M and N. At Family Tree DNA, the Haplogroup X project is visible, but with no ancestrallocations displayed. there are no other Native American Haplogroups discarded except for D2 you just put a No with no explanation. According to a 2016 study, focused on mtDNA lineages, "a small population entered the Americas via a coastal route around 16.0 ka, following previous isolation in eastern Beringia for ~2.4 to 9 thousand years after separation from eastern Siberian populations. In situations like this, I omitted the entire record from the results because there was no reliable way to resolve the conflicting information. [91], A 2016 genetic study of Indigenous peoples of the Amazonian region of Brazil (by Skoglund and Reich) showed evidence of admixture from a separate lineage of an otherwise unknown ancient people. Weaving Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Panamanian Genetic Canvas. Your order will help me support this site at no extra cost to you. New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, many people want to see if they have Native ancestry, Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Beringian Standstill and the Spread of Native American Founders, A Copernican Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root, Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups, CRS (Cambridge Reference Sequence) model and some utilize the RSRS (Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence) model, adoptions of females into tribes did occur, Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, Ancient DNA-Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes, Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans, Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas, National Geographic Society Genographic Project, https://dna-explained.com/2019/11/06/triangulation-in-action-at-family-tree-dna/, Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups | DNAeXplained Genetic Genealogy, Concepts The Faces of Endogamy | DNAeXplained Genetic Genealogy, https://dna-explained.com/2013/09/18/native-american-mitochondrial-haplogroups/, https://dna-explained.com/2014/10/18/anzick-12707-12556-ancient-one-52-ancestors-42/, https://dna-explained.com/2012/10/01/4-kinds-of-dna-for-genetic-genealogy/, https://dna-explained.com/2017/11/01/native-american-dna-resources/, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015214, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/EF397560, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AY519488, https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/A;name=A12a. Seeking guidance. It is a pleasure knowing you! Oh yeahand according to 23andme this haplogroup is most closely associated with the Pueblo people of the southwest USA and maybe the very northwest region of Mexico bordering it. Ive heard most women of the Americas have Native mitochondrial DNA because mainly European men came to the Americas. Hi Roberta, And those who speak Na-Dene, on the other hand, inherited a tenth of their ancestry from a third migrant wave. [8] This suggests that population isolation, and perhaps even the establishment of tribal groups, began soon after migration into the South American areas. I recently had a 23andme test that shows my haplogroup is C1. [114] These finding suggest that European-borne epidemics such as smallpox altered the disease landscape of the Americas, leaving survivors of these outbreaks less likely to carry variants like HLA-DQA1. 23andMe offers an affordable autosomal / Y-DNA / mtDNA option where you can learn your general haplogroups. Can test results exaggerate your Native American DNA? For instance the Abiquiu land grant uses the term half Indians. Unfortunately, at Family Tree DNA, the haplogroup C project has not enabled their project pages, even for project members. Before No proof yet. I would not look into this too much as it seems DNA tests sometimes find it difficult to pinpoint where the DNA comes from. All Native American mtDNA can be traced back to five Haplogroups called A, B, C, D, and X. [6][70] This suggests that 95% of Indigenous American mtDNA is descended from a minimal genetic founding female population, comprising sub-haplogroups A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, and D1. [40][41], Q-M242 (mutational name) is the defining (SNP) of Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) (phylogenetic name). I have found accounts of Indians selling slaves in the trade fairs in Santa Fe and Taos. Then D2 puts a blob right in that area and nowehere else close. This means that Mexican Americans and those south of the US in Mesoamerica provide a virtually untapped resource for Native American mitochondrial DNA. One of my original personal goals for genetic genealogy was to identify my Native American ancestors. Which scenario was true? Finally, in 2016, we were able to solve this mystery once and for all. Acoounts that the going price for a young Navajo boy was three horses. Both of us have joined the American Indian Project of FTDNA. S9 ). My adopted son (A2) comes from the Salasaca Tribe in Ecuador which has a traditional history of being moved to the coast and the mountains of current day Ecuador during early Inca domination. This is the first publication it was ever listed in, so there is little to no information about it elsewhere. Tabulation and analysis should be a piece of cake, right? Genet. [18], The over-all pattern that is emerging suggests that the Americas were colonized by a small number of individuals (effective size of about 70), which grew by many orders of magnitude over 800 1000 years. [71] The remaining 5% is composed of the X2a, D2a, C4c, and D4h3a sub-haplogroups. Does b45 come from B2 or vice a versa? I know Im asking a few questions here but can somebody straighten me out on this. I dont. This group is for anyone who is interested in sharing information with others about Native American mtDNA haplogroups. In this post, Ill give you information about which haplogroups people with Native American ancestry find the most in their DNA results. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2011 Oct 7;11:293. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-293. [122] Other related explanations include the Bottleneck explanation which states that there were high frequencies of blood type A and B among Indigenous Americans but severe population decline during the 1500s and 1600s caused by the introduction of disease from Europe resulted in the massive death toll of those with blood types A and B. [71] [72] More specifically, Indigenous American mtDNA belongs to sub-haplogroups A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, D1, and X2a (with minor groups C4c, D2a, and D4h3a). Recently another alternative suggesting that the migration may have occurred by water, in multiple waves, following coastlines, has been proposed as well but following the same basic pathway. All 3 are Spanish surnames and one is supposed to be in Mexico. government site. Native Americans mostly belong to the X2a clade, which has never been found in the Old World. I will investigate further. Both skeletons were sequenced separately in 2007, with identical results and are believed to be related. You should complete your line of mothers as far back as possible and find who was your matriarch in North America. People rushing to be the next Native American Nation while there exist around 560 Nations in the United States others in the hundreds are applying for Nation status. Utilizing this methodology, they confirm, of course, that everyone with a myth and a European/African haplogroup is really Native after all! The following information is from the master data table for haplogroup M potentially Native haplogroups. When I first began compiling this data, the Haplogroup C project map was viewable. Language does not (always) equal origins. Do you have matches you can work with? I disagree theyre mostly Native Americans. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the fourth column (n) is the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup. The first challenge is haplogroup naming. Unfortunately, that means that every response had to be individually evaluated and tabulated. [8] The Na-Dene, Inuit and Native Alaskan populations exhibit Haplogroup Q-M242; however, they are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. I am mtdna haplo D1 also. However, documenting tribal membership and generational connectivity via proven documentation for every generation between that tribally enrolled ancestor and the tester would be a first step in consideration of other haplogroups as potentially Native. Of course, all kinds of speculation could be (and has been) offered, about Native people being taken to Europe, although that speculation is a tad bit difficult to rationalize in the Czech Republic. [77][78][79][80] Haplotype X6 was present in the Tarahumara 1.8% (1/53) and Huichol 20% (3/15)[81], Sequencing of the mitochondrial genome from Paleo-Eskimo remains (3,500 years old) are distinct from modern Indigenous Americans, falling within sub-haplogroup D2a1, a group observed among today's Aleutian Islanders, the Aleut and Siberian Yupik populations. Marshall C, Taylor R, Sturk-Andreaggi K, Barritt-Ross S, Berg GE, McMahon TP. [9][10][11] This suggests that the peoples who first settled in the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations than those who penetrated farther south in the Americas. Since I was looking for very specific information, such as information that would tell me directly or suggest that the participant was or could be Native, versus someone who very clearly wasnt, this approach was quite useful. The mtDNA haplogroups only originating in Native American populations are A2, B2, C1, D1, X2a and subgroups AS WELL AS subgroups C4c, D2, D3, and D4h3. [8] Subclade M19 appears to be unique to South American Indigenous peoples, arising 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. However, we have several people reporting A12a from England. Normally, you could presume that if haplogroup A2 is Native, for example, that A2a, downstream of A2, would also be Native, but that's not always true. Or would only one Native American ancestor be enough for me to have such a high percentage?
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