Grammar, texts, lexicon. [42] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.[43]. Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies (Cambridge, September 1995). )-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 20:02. [108] A number of Iranian peoples were also intermixed with the Slavs,[9] and many were subjected to Slavicisation.[10][11]. [89] The Iranian peoples would later split along sectarian lines as the Persians adopted the Shi'a sect. The head is round with large, round eyes. A thriving contemporary Persian literature has also been formed by the works of writers such as Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Parvin E'tesami, Sadegh Hedayat, and Simin Daneshvar, among others. Later, during the 2nd millennium AD, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire. Chopra, R. M.,"Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2005. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was built in the empire as well. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. [70], The early inhabitants of the Achaemenid Empire appear to have adopted the religion of Zoroastrianism. [27], The trilingual inscription erected by the command of Shapur I gives a more clear description. During the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BC, the ancient Persians established themselves in the western portion of the Iranian Plateau and appear to have interacted considerably with the Elamites and Babylonians, while the Medes also entered in contact with the Assyrians. Safavid to Qajar Periods", "ARCHITECTURE vii. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as works written by Persians in other languagessuch as Arabic and Greekmight also be included. The Iranian peoples[1] or Iranic peoples[2] are a diverse grouping of Indo-European peoples[1][3] who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages and other cultural similarities. The RomanPersian wars and the ByzantineSasanian wars would shape the landscape of Western Asia, Europe, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. [123] The word paradise itself originates from Avestan pairidaza (Old Persian paridaida; New Persian pardis, ferdows), which literally translates to "walled-around". An ancient tradition that has been preserved in Iran and several other countries that were under the influence of the ancient empires of Iran,[129][130] Nowruz has been registered on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (2) Documentation", "ARABIC LANGUAGE v. Arabic Elements in Persian", "ARCHITECTURE vi. analyzed the haplogroups of 15 different ethnic groups from Iran. The Sintashta culture, also known as the SintashtaPetrovka culture[45] or SintashtaArkaim culture,[46] is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the northern Eurasian steppe on the borders of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, dated to the period 21001800 BC. Regueiro et al (2006)[132] and Grugni et al (2012)[133] have performed large-scale sampling of Y chromosome haplogroups of different ethnic groups within Iran. [29][64] Following the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, the Persian language (referred to as "Farsi" in Persian after being changed from Parsi) spread from Pars or Fars Province to various regions of the Empire, with the modern dialects of Iran, Afghanistan (also known as Dari) and Central-Asia (known as Tajiki) descending from Old Persian. Harvard University Press, 1978. The Persian literary tradition extends back at least to the time of Zoroaster. They also constitute a significant diaspora with several . At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used Persian literature in the environment of Persianate cultures. "[40] One group were the Indo-Aryans who founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria;[41] (c.1500 c.1300 BC) the other group were the Vedic people. Quiz, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Iran, Encyclopaedia Iranica - Neolithic age in Iran, Iran - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Iran - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Be tough in seizing Iran oil, bipartisan senators urge Biden, Iran urges Lebanese sides to reach agreement over president, German FM condemns death sentence for citizen in Iran, US cyberwarriors thwarted 2020 Iran election hacking attempt, push to pacify economic unrest through repression. Sintashta material culture also shows the influence of the late Abashevo culture, a collection of Corded Ware settlements in the forest steppe zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly pastoralist. Persian holidays are occasions for enjoying local foods. In a word, they become Persianized. [20] Many influential Persian figures hailed from outside of Iran's present-day bordersto the northeast in Afghanistan and Central Asia, and to a lesser extent within the Caucasus proper to the northwest. They are often defined by physical characteristics such as olive and pale skin, large dark or deep blue eyes, and almond shaped eyes. [47] It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group. This is false, as they speak a language called Farsi, which is from the Indo-European family. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but Iranian. This is certainly not true as the Persian people have traced their genetic ancestry back to the first indo-Aryan groups that migrated to the area thousands of years ago. However, it did not yet have a political import. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. The heart of the storied Persian empire of antiquity, Iran has long played an important role in the region as an imperial power and laterbecause of its strategic position and abundant natural resources, especially petroleumas a factor in colonial and superpower rivalries. The Persian is usually a medium sized cat, although she is massive and heavily boned. The ancestors of the Persian people still mainly live in modern-day Iran and share a significant amount of characteristics with their ancient ancestors. The region fell under the sway of successive waves of Persian, Turkish, and Mongol conquerors until the rise of the Safavids, who introduced Twelver Shiism as the official creed, in the early 16th century. Much of Iran consists of a central desert plateau, which is ringed on all sides by lofty mountain ranges that afford access to the interior through high passes. [53] It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. As with Tehrn, cities such as Efahn and Shrz combine modern buildings with important landmarks from the past and serve as major centres of education, culture, and commerce. Scythian tribes, along with Cimmerians, Sarmatians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea. Related Article: 10 Basque People Physical Characteristics & Character Traits. [citation needed]. With numerous artistic, scientific, architectural, and philosophical achievements and numerous kingdoms and empires that bridged much of the civilized world in antiquity, the Iranian peoples were often in close contact with people from various western and eastern parts of the world. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. They have a rounded head, small, rounded ears, and big eyes. Some scholars such as John Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category (many of which exist outside Iran), while Iranian for anything about the country Iran. The name derives from the village of Andronovo (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5553N 5542E / 55.883N 55.700E / 55.883; 55.700), where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. Pointing: It is considered rude to point your index finger at another person during conversation. The middle class consists largely of civil servants and assorted white-collar workers. The Tajiks are a people native to Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan who speak Persian in a variety of dialects. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. All the advice on this site is general in nature. It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the Sarmatians, who are mentioned by Strabo as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern Russian steppe in the 1st millennium AD. [13][14][15] Throughout history, the Persian people have contributed greatly to art and science. In addition to the Zoroastrians, Persian adherents of the Bah faith (which originated in Iran) constitute a tiny minority of the population, their religion having been strongly discouraged by the Muslim government. [126] Overall, Sasanian music was influential and was adopted in the subsequent eras. Corrections? It was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in June 2011. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION", "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Persians being forced to withdraw from their European territories, setting the direct further course of history of Greece and the rest of Europe. [20] Herodotus, in his Histories, remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people Arians" (7.62). [70] However, there is plenty of evidence (in addition to the accounts of Herodotus) that Greeks, apart from being deployed and employed in the core regions of the empire, also evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire, namely Iran. [10][38] The ninth-century BC Neo-Assyrian inscription of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, found at Nimrud, gives it in the Late Assyrian forms Parsua and Parsuma as a region and a people located in the Zagros Mountains, the latter likely having migrated southward and transferred the name of the region with them to what would become Persis (Persia proper, i.e., modern-day Fars), and that is considered to be the earliest attestation to the ancient Persian people. [102] Fire was regarded as an important and highly sacred element, and also a deity. Iranian Arabs and Azeris genetically overlap with Iranian peoples. [51] Mithridates III of Cius, a Persian nobleman and part of the Persian ruling elite of the town of Cius, founded the Kingdom of Pontus in his later life, in northern Asia Minor. G. Gnoli, "Iranian Identity as a Historical Problem: the Beginnings of a National Awareness under the Achaemenians," in The East and the Meaning of History. public works noun They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. With her masses of fur, she can appear to be rather large. [50], The earliest known chariots have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare. Average Lifespan: 12-17 years. Alexander the Great noun (356-323 BCE) Greek ruler, explorer, and conqueror. Thomson. This article will discuss five physical characteristics and five stereotypical traits of the Persian people. Ultimately, the various Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds and Balochis, converted to Islam, while the Alans converted to Christianity, thus laying the foundation for the fact that the modern-day Ossetians are Christian. These Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians dominated large parts of Eastern Europe for a millennium, and were eventually absorbed and assimilated (e.g. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. [48], The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. [20] In the late part of the Avesta (Videvdat 1), one of the mentioned homelands was referred to as Airyan'm Vajah which approximately means "expanse of the Iranians". These Sarmatians were also known to the Romans, who conquered the western tribes in the Balkans and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as Roman Britain. [20][21] In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to as Iranians. Persian people worked as dress and costume makers, craftspeople and merchants, and even government . [73] At their greatest reported extent, around the 1st century AD, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas as well as the Caucasus to the south. Ancient Persians were known for being of a relatively large stature. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In Greek inscription says "ego tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi", which translates to "I am the king of the kingdom (nation) of the Iranians". From the late 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium BC the Iranians had expanded from the Eurasian Steppe, and Iranian peoples such as Medes, Persians, Parthians and Bactrians populated the Iranian Plateau.[57][58]. [16][17][18] Persian literature is one of the world's most prominent literary traditions.[19]. James Minahan, "One Europe, Many Nations", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. pg 518: "The Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston are the most northerly Iranian people. Five of the most common physical attributes are listed below: Persian people are usually olive-skinned and dark-haired, which has been the norm for thousands of years. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD", "IRAN vi. Related Article: 10 Celtic People Physical Characteristics And Traits. [37] The Indo-Aryans split off around 18001600 BC from the Iranians,[38] whereafter they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians,[39] who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone[40] and "chased [the Indo-Aryans] to the extremities of Central Eurasia. [81], Some of the Saka-Scythian tribes in Central Asia would later move further southeast and invade the Iranian Plateau, large sections of present-day Afghanistan and finally deep into present day Pakistan (see Indo-Scythians). The modern Ossetians are the descendants of the Alano-Sarmatians,[83][84] and their claims are supported by their Northeast Iranian language, while culturally the Ossetians resemble their North Caucasian neighbors, the Kabardians and Circassians. For the inhabitants of the modern country of, "Iranics" redirects here. National Museum of Iran, Tehran. With her elegant long, silky hair, distinctive round face, and sweet personality, this feline is among the most popular cat breeds in the country. The authors concluded that the Iranian gene pool has been an important source for the Middle Eastern and Eurasian Y chromosome diversity, and the results suggest that there was already rather high Y chromosome diversity during the Neolithic period, placing Iranian populations in between Europeans, Middle Easterners and South Asians. Retrieved 22 August 2017. This included the Persian-Iranian people, whose name means of the Aryan race.. Iranian culture is today considered to be centered in what is called the Iranian Plateau, and has its origins tracing back to the Andronovo culture of the late Bronze Age, which is associated with other cultures of the Eurasian Steppe. [56] The Parthian language, which was used as an official language of the Parthian Empire, left influences on Persian,[57][58][59] as well as on the neighboring Armenian language. The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves. There have been many attempts to qualify the verbal root of ar- in Old Iranian arya-. By the time of the Sasanian Empire, a national culture that was fully aware of being Iranian took shape, partially motivated by restoration and revival of the wisdom of "the old sages" (dngn pngn). The Persian language is known to have one of the world's oldest and most influential literatures. What is the human characteristics of Iran? "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features ()". Following the Macedonian conquests, the Persian colonists in Cappadocia and the rest of Asia Minor were cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper, but they continued to practice the Iranian faith of their forefathers. The next common stereotype about the Persian people is that they live in the desert. [25] In the Bible, particularly in the books of Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Nehemya, it is given as Prs ( ). They found that about 31.4% belong to J, 29.1% belong to R, 11.8% belong to G, and 9.2% belong to E. They found that Iranian ethnic groups display high haplogroup diversity, compared to other Middle Easterners. In ancient Iran, fire was kept with great care in fire temples. In contemporary terminology, people from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan who natively speak the Persian language are known as Tajiks, with the former two countries having their own dialects of Persian known as Dari and Tajiki, respectively; whereas those in the Caucasus (primarily in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan, Russia), albeit heavily assimilated, are known as Tats. [4][5] At their peak of expansion in the mid-1st millennium BC, the territory of the Iranian peoples stretched across the entire Eurasian Steppe, from the Great Hungarian Plain in the west to the Ordos Plateau in the east and the Iranian Plateau in the south.[6]. Nearly a dozen other ethnic minorities including Azeris, Kurds, Arabs, Balochis and Lors make up over a third of the total population. While almond-shaped eyes are relatively common in this part of the world, the specific style is versatile within the Persian people. The heart of the storied Persian empire of antiquity, Iran has long played an important role in the region as an imperial power and laterbecause of its strategic position and abundant natural resources, especially petroleumas a factor in colonial and superpower rivalries. 17th-century Persian potteries from Isfahan. Compared with worldwide populations, Iranians (CIC) cluster in the center of the wider West-Eurasian cluster, close to Europeans, Middle Easterners, and South-Central Asians. Updates? Weight range: Male: large: >12 lbs. As Persian people generally resist doing anything that would bring shame to their name or family, they are known for adhering to social expectations in their homeland. A History of Russia by Nicholas Riasanovsky, pp. Dalby, Andrew (2004), Dictionary of Languages, Bloomsbury. [74] Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia (mostly modern Ukraine and Southern Russia, also to a smaller extent north eastern Balkans around Moldova). [19] Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and Middle Persian literature is attested on inscriptions from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD. Persian holidays are occasions for enjoying local foods. The Persian garden, the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture. According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and Graves Hansard in their book A Grammar of Ancient Geography published in 1832, Sarmatia had two parts, Sarmatia Europea[75] and Sarmatia Asiatica[76] covering a combined area of 503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764km2. [76] Under the Safavid Empire, focus on Persian language and identity was further revived, and the political evolution of the empire once again maintained Persian as the main language of the country. . The architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire includes, among others, castle fortifications such as the Fortifications of Derbent (located in North Caucasus, now part of Russia), the Rudkhan Castle and the Shapur-Khwast Castle, palaces such as the Palace of Ardashir and the Sarvestan Palace, bridges such as the Shahrestan Bridge and the Shapuri Bridge, the Archway of Ctesiphon, and the reliefs at Taq-e Bostan. Analyzed samples of Iranian Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Lurs, Mazanderanis, Gilaks and Arabs cluster tightly together, forming a single cluster known as the CIC (Central Iranian cluster). This was such a prominent feature that it could have been used to tell them apart from separate population groups. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. [70] Even though the Achaemenids had extensive contacts with the Greeks and vice versa, and had conquered many of the Greek-speaking area's both in Europe and Asia Minor during different periods of the empire, the native Old Iranian sources provide no indication of Greek linguistic evidence. [29], The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by the Greek sources. harv error: no target: CITEREFLawergren2009 (, the languages that are closely related to Persian, some of the world's most powerful empires, 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire, architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire, "LORI LANGUAGE ii. [36][37], Persia is first attested in Assyrian sources from the third millennium BC in the Old Assyrian form Parahe, designating a region belonging to the Sumerians. The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. [98], Like other Indo-Europeans, the early Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics, and farmers, and recounted their deeds through poetic hymns and sagas. [110] They speak a dialect version of Gujarati, and no longer speak in Persian. At first, the Western Iranian peoples in the Near East were dominated by the various Assyrian empires. The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age Indo-Iranian cultures that flourished c. 1800900 BC in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe. To the east, it reaches into the Minusinsk depression, with some sites as far west as the southern Ural Mountains,[55] overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture. Your email address will not be published. [68] The Arabic term Ajam, denoting "people unable to speak properly", was adopted as a designation for non-Arabs (or non-Arabic speakers), especially the Persians. Much of Iran is cut off from the outside world by a . She checked the skulls of 475 males and 374 females. Following the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire in the medieval times, the Arab caliphates established their rule over the region for the next several centuries, during which the long process of the Islamization of Iran took place. In Middle Persian, Shapur says "rnahr xwady hm" and in Parthian he says "arynahr xwady ahm". [102] Zoroastrianism, a form of the ancient Iranian religion that is still practiced by some communities,[103] was later developed and spread to nearly all of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian Plateau. Persian relates to ethnicity while Iranian encompasses a nationality. Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages. You can be Iranian and not necessarily be Persian. A Greek folk etymology connected the name to Perseus, a legendary character in Greek mythology. The Anatolians were Indo-European-speaking peoples of the Anatolian Peninsula in present-day Turkey, identified by their use of the Anatolian languages. The body is short, but thick with thick legs and a short, thick neck. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/, Physical Characteristics Of The Persian People, Divided Attention: 10 Examples and Overview, Machiavellianism: 10 Examples and Definition, Overgeneralization: 10 Examples and Definition, 17 Gender Stereotype Examples (For Men and Women). The term Persian, meaning "from Persia", derives from Latin Persia, itself deriving from Greek Perss (),[24] a Hellenized form of Old Persian Prsa (), which evolves into Frs () in modern Persian. [47] The empire extended as far as the limits of the Greek city states in modern-day mainland Greece, where the Persians and Athenians influenced each other in what is essentially a reciprocal cultural exchange. Although green is a rare eye color in Iran, most people with light eyes have green or light brown eyes, a fantastic combination. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [32], All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd.[20]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic. However, this is not entirely accurate. This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 00:44. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Islamic Republic of Iran, Jomhr-ye Eslm-ye rn, Professor of Feminist Studies, University of California at Santa Barbara. Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian
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